Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits e. The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter. Boundary: Predictions here are qualitative, not quantitative.
By the end of grade Each atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
The repeating patterns of this table reflect patterns of outer electron states. The structure and interactions of matter at the bulk scale are determined by electrical forces within and between atoms. Stable forms of matter are those in which the electric and magnetic field energy is minimized. A stable molecule has less energy, by an amount known as the binding energy, than the same set of atoms separated; one must provide at least this energy in order to take the molecule apart.
How do substances combine or change react to make new substances? How does one characterize and explain these reactions and make predictions about them? Many substances react chemically with other substances to form new substances with different properties.
This change in properties results from the ways in which atoms from the original substances are combined and rearranged in the new substances. However, the total number of each type of atom is conserved does not change in any chemical process, and thus mass does not change either. The property of conservation can be used, along with knowledge of the chemical properties of particular elements, to describe and predict the outcomes of reactions. Changes in matter in which the molecules do not change, but their positions and their motion relative to each other do change also occur e.
Understanding chemical reactions and the properties of elements is essential not only to the physical sciences but also is foundational knowledge for the life sciences and the earth and space sciences. Such changes are generally easier to reverse return to original conditions than chemical changes. Higher rates occur at higher temperatures because atoms are typically moving faster and thus collisions are more frequent; also, a larger fraction of the collisions have sufficient energy to initiate the process.
Although a solution or a gas may have constant chemical composition—that is, be in a steady state—chemical reactions may be occurring within it that are dynamically balanced with reactions in opposite directions proceeding at equal rates. Any chemical process involves a change in chemical bonds and the related bond energies and thus in the total chemical binding energy. This change is matched by a difference between the total kinetic energy of the set of reactant molecules before the collision and that of the set of product molecules after the collision conservation of energy.
Some reactions release energy e. The cycling of matter and associated transfers of energy in systems, of any scale, depend on physical and chemical processes. The reactivity of hydrogen ions gives rise to many biological and geophysical phenomena. The capacity of carbon atoms to form the backbone of extended molecular structures is essential to the chemistry of life.
The carbon cycle involves transfers between carbon in the atmosphere—in the form of carbon dioxide—and carbon in living matter or formerly living matter including fossil fuels.
The proportion of oxygen molecules i. Heating or cooling a substance may cause changes that can be observed. Sometimes these changes are reversible e. When two or more different substances are mixed, a new substance with different properties may be formed; such occurrences depend on the substances and the temperature. No matter what reaction or.
Boundary: Mass and weight are not distinguished at this grade level. Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants.
The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. Some chemical reactions release energy, others store energy. Chemical processes, their rates, and whether or not energy is stored or released can be understood in terms of the collisions of molecules and the rearrangements of atoms into new molecules, with consequent changes in total binding energy i.
In many situations, a dynamic and condition-dependent balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction determines the numbers of all types of molecules present.
The fact that atoms are conserved, together with knowledge of the chemical properties of the elements involved, can be used to describe and predict chemical reactions. Chemical processes and properties of materials underlie many important biological and geophysical phenomena. Phenomena involving nuclei are important to understand, as they explain the formation and abundance of the elements, radioactivity, the release of energy from the sun and other stars, and the generation of nuclear power.
To explain and predict nuclear processes, two additional types of interactions—known as strong and weak nuclear interactions—must be introduced. They play a fundamental role in nuclei, although not at larger scales because their effects are very short range. The strong nuclear interaction provides the primary force that holds nuclei together and determines nuclear binding energies.
Without it, the electromagnetic forces between protons would make all nuclei other than hydrogen unstable. Nuclear processes mediated by these interactions include fusion, fission, and the radioactive decays of unstable nuclei. These processes involve changes in nuclear. Nuclear fusion is a process in which a collision of two small nuclei eventually results in the formation of a single more massive nucleus with greater net binding energy and hence a release of energy.
It occurs only under conditions of extremely high temperature and pressure. Nuclear fusion occurring in the cores of stars provides the energy released as light from those stars. The Big Bang produced matter in the form of hydrogen and smaller amounts of helium and lithium. Over time, stars including supernova explosions have produced and dispersed all the more massive atoms, starting from primordial low-mass elements, chiefly hydrogen. Nuclear fission is a process in which a massive nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei, which fly apart at high energy.
The produced nuclei are often not stable and undergo subsequent radioactive decays. Because of the high-energy release in nuclear transitions, the emitted radiation whether it be alpha, beta, or gamma type can ionize atoms and may thereby cause damage to biological tissue. Nuclear fission and radioactive decays limit the set of stable isotopes of elements and the size of the largest stable nucleus.
Spontaneous radioactive decays follow a characteristic exponential decay law, with a specific lifetime time scale for each such process; the lifetimes of different nuclear decay processes range from fractions of a second to thousands of years.
Some unstable but long-lived isotopes are present in rocks and minerals. Knowledge of their nuclear lifetimes allows radiometric dating to be used to determine the ages of rocks and other materials from the isotope ratios present. In fission, fusion, and beta decay processes, atoms change type, but the total number of protons plus neutrons is conserved. Beta processes involve an additional type of interaction the weak interaction that can change neutrons into protons or vice versa, along with the emission or absorption of electrons or positrons and of neutrinos.
Isolated neutrons decay by this process. Nuclear fusion can result in the merging of two nuclei to form a larger one, along with the release of significantly more energy per atom than any chemical process.
Nuclear fusion taking place in the cores of stars provides the energy released as light from those stars and produced all of the more massive atoms from primordial hydrogen. Thus the elements found on Earth and throughout the universe other than hydrogen and most of helium, which are primordial were formed in the stars or supernovas by fusion processes. Nuclear processes, including fusion, fission, and radio-active decays of unstable nuclei, involve changes in nuclear binding energies.
The total number of neutrons plus protons does not change in any nuclear process. Strong and weak nuclear interactions determine nuclear stability and processes.
Spontaneous radioactive decays follow a characteristic exponential decay law. Nuclear lifetimes allow radiometric dating to be used to determine the ages of rocks and other materials from the isotope ratios present. Normal stars cease producing light after having converted all of the material in their cores to carbon or, for more massive stars, to iron. Elements more massive than iron are formed by fusion processes but only in the extreme conditions of supernova explosions, which explains why they are relatively rare.
How can one explain and predict interactions between objects and within systems of objects? Interactions between any two objects can cause changes in one or both of them. An understanding of the forces between objects is important for describing how their motions change, as well as for predicting stability or instability in systems at any scale. All forces between objects arise from a few types of interactions: gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear interactions.
Interactions of an object with another object can be explained and predicted using the concept of forces, which can cause a change in motion of one or both of the interacting objects. An individual force acts on one particular object and is described by its strength and direction. The strengths of forces can be measured and their values compared.
What happens when a force is applied to an object depends not only on that force but also on all the other forces acting on that object. A static object typically has multiple forces acting on it, but they sum to zero.
If the total vector sum force on an object is not zero, however, its motion will change. Sometimes forces on an object can also change its shape or orientation. But at speeds close to the speed of light, the second law is not applicable without modification.
Nor does it apply to objects at the molecular, atomic, and subatomic scales, or to an object whose mass is changing at the same time as its speed. For speeds that are small compared with the speed of light, the momentum of an object is defined as its mass times its velocity. For any system of interacting objects, the total momentum within the system changes only due to transfer of momentum into or out of the system, either because of external forces acting on the system or because of matter flows.
Within an isolated system of interacting objects, any change in momentum of one object is balanced by an equal and oppositely directed change in the total momentum of the other objects. Thus total momentum is a conserved quantity. Objects pull or push each other when they collide or are connected. Pushes and pulls can have different strengths and directions. Pushing or pulling on an object can change the speed or direction of its motion and can start or stop it.
Each force acts on one particular object and has both a strength and a direction. An object at rest typically has multiple forces acting on it, but they add to give zero net force on the object. Boundary: Qualitative and conceptual, but not quantitative addition of forces are used at this level. Boundary: Technical terms, such as magnitude, velocity, momentum, and vector quantity, are not introduced at this level, but the concept that some quantities need both size and direction to be described is developed.
The motion of an object is determined by the sum of the forces acting on it; if the total force on the object is not zero, its motion will change. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force needed to achieve the same change in motion. For any given object, a larger force causes a larger change in motion.
Forces on an object can also change its shape or orientation. All positions of objects and the directions of forces and motions must be described in an arbitrarily chosen reference frame. In order to share information with other people, these choices must also be shared. Boundary: No details of quantum physics or relativity are included at this grade level. Momentum is defined for a particular frame of reference; it is the mass times the velocity of the object.
In any system, total momentum is always conserved. If a system interacts with objects outside itself, the total momentum of the system can change; however, any such change is balanced by changes in the momentum of objects outside the system.
All forces between objects arise from a few types of interactions: gravity, electromagnetism, and strong and weak nuclear interactions. Collisions between objects involve forces between them that can change their motion. Any two objects in contact also exert forces on each other that are electromagnetic in origin. Gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces between a pair of objects do not require that they be in contact. These forces are explained by force fields that contain energy and can transfer energy through space.
These fields can be mapped by their effect on a test object mass, charge, or magnet, respectively. Objects with mass are sources of gravitational fields and are affected by the gravitational fields of all other objects with mass. Gravitational forces are always attractive.
For two human-scale objects, these forces are too small to observe without sensitive instrumentation. Gravitational interactions are nonnegligible, however, when very massive objects are involved. These long-range gravitational interactions govern the evolution and. Electric forces and magnetic forces are different aspects of a single electromagnetic interaction.
Such forces can be attractive or repulsive, depending on the relative sign of the electric charges involved, the direction of current flow, and the orientation of magnets.
All objects with electrical charge or magnetization are sources of electric or magnetic fields and can be affected by the electric or magnetic fields of other such objects.
Attraction and repulsion of electric charges at the atomic scale explain the structure, properties, and transformations of matter and the contact forces between material objects link to PS1.
A and PS1. Please be a little clear if release in India will take time. If no fixed can be announced yet, atleast an estimate for pre-orders can be shared. Only prices have been announced so far. We would just like to know if the console is releasing in our country any time soon. Please do something about this. Hey only saying what was reported in the news four or five months ago.
Here is some information on it…. This dude owns the trademark for the PS5 name in India was filed on October 29, by Hitesh Aswani of Delhi Sony now has to regain the trademark via court case. Yes I hope Sony adds p hz. I know a lot of monitor players who are desperate for this to come soon. Yes please! Show us Monitor users some love! I hope playstation looks at some of these comments. I bought a brand new p hz monitor in preparation for the PS5.
Well, I was wrong. I am wondering why they would not though. Sony is bragging about 4k hz, when that is virtually impossible since you need a 2.
Realistically, p is the sweet spot for good graphics while having great refresh rate. Even if p did not upscale to 4k, native p would be so much better than p upscaling to my p monitor. I purchased an expensive monitor and was so eager to get propoer resolution for once as i dealt with upscaled images on the ps4 for so long. Sony, how difficult would it be to add p resolution support, and how likely will that happen as demand for it continues to increase????? The monitor I have is the centerpiece of my gaming setup and is worth much more money than any next-gen console I purchase.
Yes, p support please! With lots of PC players looking to pick up a PS5, p is essential, the perfect sweet spot of quality and performance. PS5 would be my first sony console and I wanted to play it on my monitor. I hope this will be changed. Yes, please add p support. Some of us like playing on our monitors.
Another customer asking for p support here. PC gamers come to Playstation for the exclusives. Please entice us to buy a PS5 by supporting p. I really want to be able to use my p monitor and not have to have it downscale to p. Please add p support, literally the determining factor between Xbox and PS for me this gen, I do NOT want to play games in p anymore when they could be in p. While tv is perfect for more relaxed experiences. When playing with friends I prefer it on my hz p monitor.
Thanks Sony! Sony please add p and Freesync. Biggest features that I would use that Xbox supports but Playstation does not. The hardware is more than capable! Myself and nearly all of my friends have p monitors; some bought new for next-gen gaming. Choosing not to support p is a backhand to competitive gamers. Very disappointed TBH, time to switch to Xbox? I love your products. Sadly, not supporting p is the ONLY deterrent for me as I do not see the investment viable if outputing only p on my monitor.
Will be grateful for the feature. My p monitor is significantly better than my TV. Sony, I would also appreciate p support.
It is a great middle ground for graphical fidelity while maintaining good framerates! An interview with Sony executives confirms it is technically possible and will be considered if the demand is there. A lot of PC gamers have p monitors, and given Xbox publishing strategy they are more likely to buy PlayStation for exclusive titles, so supporting this resolution would strengthen that possibility.
Secondly, even 4K TVs often support p at higher refresh rate, so this resolution gives a better chance for more widespread fps gaming, especially since rendering at p would be cheaper than 4K, allowing for better fidelity with this high framerate. Yes please add P option, its the perfect middle ground between P performance and 4K rich graphics. Same boat as all these people. Idk how the ball was dropped on this one, unless you plan on coming out with an cheap monitor for us, please fix this soon.
Sony, what are you doing?? Why would it be so bad to add p when you can add a resolution in an update like you stated?? There are TONS of professional gamers that use monitors. Please, give me p. I bought a whole new monitor for this coming launch with hz. You said play has no limits! Yes, it does. There are millions of people who play on monitors. Fix it! I need p support. Sony, please add p support, like your competition! Adding my voice to p!
I use the same monitor for PC and PS5 and p is the perfect compromise of fidelity and performance. Would prefer to keep using this same one and not have to buy a 4k monitor. No web browser?
Sony should really listen to consumers. Why not a web browser? That sounds so weird to me. Except now in next-gen gaming, the hardware is less exceptional. Smh sony. Thank you. A lot of people are hoping for P support, I hope Sony can accommodate us monitor users. It is strange that a company will skip resolutions but still offer way low p.
Please update to support p cause that is the sweet spot for alot of people who use gaming monitors. The demand is here. High refresh rate p support with variable refresh rate adaptive sync is all I want for xmas.
Yes, p support would be awesome. Anyone who has invested any kind of money into improving their audio setup is still left wondering whether or not they have an expensive lemon going into next gen.
Never got to use both together. Have a look at the specs of the device and there will be a section telling you how much bitrate you will get over its various connections optical, coaxial, USB. If it is then it is UAC2. A splitter is a cheap option, but be wary. Hopefully it works for you. If all else fails you might end up having to get both an amp and a DAC.
However, I would wait until we get confirmation before you pull the trigger on anything. Still no ocnfirmation of DAC support. I have a schiit Bifrost dac that I pair with a vali 2 amp and I want to use that via usb with the PS5 for my audio. Yea it is just absurd at this point. I cancelle dmy Pulse 3d this mornign as apparnetly dualsense has a realtek chip and audio quality thorough it is siginificantly improved and can power 50OHM cans. It posted without me confirming… The dualsense can pwoer 50 Ohm headphones apparently, my Mackie-MCs are 32 Ohm so there is that, but still no replacement for big boy DACs.
Yea I heard about that. Their equipment is pricey in the UK though, especially when compared to Schiit. There is of course the chance that HMRC will claim the duty, but it will still come in cheaper.
I did of course jump the gun by getting it early, but with all this COVID nonsense I figured that it would be best to get it now. Funnily enough I just got my notification from FedEx while I was typing. It shipped today and will be here Wednesday. No too shabby. Awesome, one question, will PS5 be able to support P displays in the bear future?
I feel like a lot of people will benefit from this. It is strange that they will skip a resolution that alot of people game on with gaming monitors. Is PS5 Dual Voltage? PlaystationIn is a bunch of incompetent people who know nothing. Once they win the case against the person saying that they own the ps5 name in India it will release.
Yes it is dual voltage. If you look it up you will find an article by psu. So why skip p resolution. Alot of us game on p gaming monitors and that is such a sweet spot. Will a future update allow native p resolution?
Is there a list of PS5-Compatiable headsets? Will there be p support sometime in the near future? A lot of Players have a p Monitor and it would be a shame missing out on it. Hey PlayStation! I really love you guys for making such awesome games available to play on PlayStation. I currently have a PlayStation 4 and also had PS3 and psp.
I really wanted to gift ps5 and Miles Morales to my younger brother on his birthday this month but sadly we in India have no release date yet and have not been able to pre-order a ps5. If you read this please help us gamers in India out , we have been waiting since 16th September for being able to Pre-order a ps5 and play it this holiday season. Hope you guys help us soon! Sad to see they skipped out on Dolby Vision support.
Dolby Atmos and Vision are actually pretty bad for gaming. The audio and video has a lot of extra processing that needs to be done and it adds significant lag. Pretty disappointed to see these are not supported for video playback though.
Having invested in a TV that support dolby vision and a surround sound system that supports atmos. Quite disappointed the ps5 will support neither for bluerays…. And while the Xbox Series X supports the format in games on paper, no games currently take advantage of it. Tempest 3D on the other hand is available to anyone with a pair of headphones or tv speakers after a later update. The PS5 is more than capable of processing both DV sound objects with zero lag.
They just decided to develop their own format for the above mentioned reasons. Ok what if I have two PS5 consoles? On my primary could other people play my games like on PS4? If i play a PS4 game installed in external usb drive, do i still get increased framerates and resolutions? Or do i have to transfer the game to internal SSD to have these improvements?
When I capture gameplay footage using the Create Button, can I direct the recording straight to an external hard drive? When can I expect to get a time estimate for my delivery? Please support p Sony. Me and my wife will own a Ps5 each, will we be able to purchase the game in my account and play on both Ps5 like it was on Ps4? Has there been any improvement to how software is shared in multi-PS5 households? The PS4 implementation was okay, but had flaws.
Same case overhere. I got a PS4 for my kids and another one for me. I can then share games between those two consoles. How will it work for the PS5? This is my question, too. Any chance we find out before launch day? Will we be able to download games from friends on PS5? And will it be updated about backward compatibility? I was hoped to play my psone games again on PS5. When will the console and games be available in India?
What will be the price? I second this question… what about asia…? Completely neglected the entire continent. If not, will there be an update in the future to unlock these abilities? Media as a whole is a bummer. No DTSX. No Dolby Vision. Lack of 3D Blu ray compatibility. This was a let down. Sony is really dropping ball on technology support. What a letdown, Sony being cheap and not paying for a Dolby licence. With this decision Sony just handed the home media enthusiast segment to Microsoft.
Absolutely spot on. I have seen it mentioned on the PS. Put an ssd in place of the hd Sata 2 , or use an ssd as an external disk? Have a look here. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
PS4 Controller. External Hard Drive. Internal Hard Drive. PS4 Hard Drive Failure? Reasons, Symptoms and Solutions. Skip to content Misc One USB 3.
Contents hide. Jane young says:. PS4 Storage says:. DMAN says:. SannyDev says:. Raffael says:. Janne says:. Ron says:. Parker says:. ThePas says:. Nic says:. Dokser says:. Shamarri says:. Ryan says:. Dozer says:. Knee says:. Herc says:. Courtney Terrell says:. Sally k says:. Lucas says:. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Search for:. Reasons, Symptoms and Solutions 12 Nov, You are very welcome Weijden.
We are always here to help. Having problems? I get a message saying my extended storage needs to be repaired? Are you sure you want to format this device? To use the extended storage, you will need to delete one of the applications.
PS4 extended storage error codes. Try to format the HDD again. Format the HDD again. If the error persists, restart PS4 and then try formatting. Reconnect the HDD and repair file system following instructions. If the error persists, you may need to use a different HDD.
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